对英国文化的评价？关于英国文化的问题？

Celts凯尔特人当中的Britons布里顿人是英国最早的居民，英国也由它而得名，到了约1世纪时，Romans罗马人统治了英格兰，把原先的Celts赶到周边的苏格兰，威尔士。后来4,5世纪时罗马内乱，把驻于英伦的军队撤回后，从北欧来了三支民族，Anglo,Saxon，Jutes，前两支民族为主流，成了现在英国人的祖先。到了1066年，William the Conquer威廉（来自法国诺曼的公爵）率领Normans诺曼人夺回了英王王位，自此部分Normans开始在英国生活下来，并成为统治阶级，统治Anglo,Saxons。

什么是“一臂之距”文化管理原则？

　　“一臂之距”（Arm’s Length Principle）管理原则是英国人发明的一套文化管理方法，长期以来被英国政府视作文化管理的法宝，认为可以有效避免党派政治倾向对文化拨款政策的不良影响，保证文化经费由那些最有资格的人进行分配。

　　所谓“一臂之距”原指人在队列中与其前后左右的伙伴保持相同距离。该原则最先用在经济领域，针对的是一些具有隶属关系的经济组织，如母公司与子公司、厂商和经销商等。根据这个原则，这些组织在策划和实施各自的营销规划、处理利益纠纷乃至纳税义务上都具有平等的法律地位，一方不能取代或支配另一方。

　　“一臂之距”原则被运用到文化政策上则是要求国家对文化采取一种分权式的行政管理体制。从对文化的集中管理到分权管理，这是“一臂之距”原则的基本要义。英国的中央政府文化行政主管部门–文化、新闻和体育部，只管制定文化政策和财政拨款，没有直接管辖的文化艺术团体和文化事业机构，具体管理事务交由中介非政府公共文化机构，即各类艺术委员会负责执行，如英格兰艺术委员会、工艺美术委员会、博物馆和美术馆委员会等由专家组成的机构，对艺术团体进行评估和拨款。各类中介非政府公共文化机构通过具体分配拨款的形式，负责资助和联系全国各个文化领域的文化艺术团体、机构和个人，形成全社会文化事业管理的网络体系。

　　英国非政府公共文化机构有两类，包括38个非政府公共执行机构（具有执行、管理、制定规章和从事商业活动的职能）和8个非政府公共咨询机构（就某些专门事项向部长和主管部门提供咨询意见）。除主要从文化、新闻和体育部拨款取得经费外，大多数非政府公共文化机构还通过收费或从事其他商业活动来获得收入。文化、新闻和体育部通过拨款方式对非政府公共文化机构在政策上加以协调，但不存在行政领导关系。非政府公共文化机构奉行与政府保持“一臂之距”原则，独立运行。

　　政府虽然不能对文化单位直接提供资金支持，但可以通过具体拨款方式对非政府公共文化机构在政策上加以协调，体现政府对文化艺术的管理目标和支持重点。英国政府对文化事业的资助重点一般有三个方面：第一，严肃艺术，如戏剧、古典音乐、歌剧、芭蕾等，对商业性艺术如音乐剧、流行歌舞则不予资助；第二，国家级的重点文艺团体和事业单位，如皇家歌剧院、皇家芭蕾舞团、大英博物馆、大英图书馆、国家美术馆等；第三，高质量的艺术节目。在英国只有政府资助的艺术团，没有政府办的艺术团；有国家级的艺术团，没有国家所有的艺术团。对于艺术团体来说，政府资助不是固定的，需要以每年的成绩与下一年的规划来确定，即使享受政府长期资助的团体或机构，一般也只能占其收入的30%左右，其余部分仍需自筹解决。为保证政府资助取得良好效果，艺术委员会通过各种方式对享受政府长期资助的文化团体进行监督和评估。

　　实行“一臂之距”原则的好处有三点：一是减少了政府机构的行政事务，保证了政府工作的高效运作；二是政府机构不直接与文艺团体发生关系，有利于检查监督，避免产生腐败。三是非政府公共文化机构独立于政府之外，是非政府、超党派的独立中介组织。这类组织成员多由艺术方面和文化产业方面的中立专家组成，独立履行职能，避免过多受政府行政干预，从而使文化发展尽可能保持其延续性。

　　在这种管理原则的指导下，英国维持了其文化大国的地位，无论是文学、戏剧、舞蹈、美术还是音乐都始终保持国际领先地位，并深远地影响着其他国家的文化艺术创作和发展。

　　“一臂之距”文化管理原则带给我们的几点启示

　　我国具有丰富的文化艺术资源，是名副其实的文化大国，但是还谈不上文化强国，而且由于长期以来政府对文化艺术活动干预过多，管的太多，文化艺术领域的意识形态偏向性过强，影响了他国对我国文化艺术的认可。如果能借鉴“一臂之距”原则，从制度设计上凸显文化艺术的相对独立性，能产生更强的亲和力，更容易为其他文化所接纳，有利于树立起我国文化强国的形象。

　　一、“一臂之距”原则可以充分实现政府职能转变，实现“管办分离”的目标

　　虽然经过了多轮文化体制改革，但是目前我国“政府办文化”的格局仍然没有从根本上打破，例如：文化部所属的重点艺术表演团体，以及各省、市级的艺术表演团体，性质上仍是政府举办的文化机构，财政上主要由政府负责支撑，主要人事安排仍由政府行政部门说了算。在表演艺术行业的宏观管理方面借鉴“一臂之距”原则，建立类似英国那样的“艺术委员会”机制，应该是我国转变政府职能、实现“管办分离”目标的努力方向。这样政府将不再直接管理任何文艺院团，也不再具体承办文化艺术活动，政府可以从琐碎的具体事务中解放出来，全心致力于制定文化发展政策，通过宏观调控，促进文化艺术的发展和繁荣。

　　二、“一臂之距”原则有利于实现文化艺术创作自由，从根本上实现文化大发展大繁荣

　　中国有着漫长的皇权专制传统，思想和艺术长期受到禁锢。上世纪50年代到“文革”期间，中国曾盛行“艺术从属于政治”，艺术家们的创作长期受到压抑。改革开放30多年，我国艺术领域产生过一些精品，但数量并不多，这和文化资源大国的身份很不相称。艺术的生命力在于艺术的思想性和原创性。艺术创作自主权也是文明社会的基本要求。政府的职责之一就是保护这种权利不被侵犯，因此应当给予文化艺术活动更多的自由，对文化艺术创作实施“内容不干预原则”。通过“一臂之距”模式建立的中介非政府公共文化机构，有利于艺术创作摆脱政府权力的干扰和影响，充分保护艺术自由，从根本上实现文化大发展大繁荣。

　　三、“一臂之距”原则能有效防止文化领域的“权力寻租”，避免权力腐败

　　“权力寻租”是指握有公权者以权力为筹码谋求获取自身经济利益的一种非生产性活动。权力寻租所带来的利益，成为权力腐败的原动力。按照“一臂之距”原则，文化管理的权力具体由艺术委员会行使，艺术委员会由专家组成，哪些艺术团体优秀，哪些艺术品种、艺术作品需要支持，并不是政府说了算，而是艺术委员会的专家们说了算，这样政府对于文化事务没有具体的权力，就从根源上杜绝了权力寻租，杜绝了腐败。

老兄你是干什么的啊?

英国文化演讲15分钟，介绍需要30秒。15分钟的演讲大概要说3000字，演讲的语速都注视在一分钟，说200多字，可通过语速的控制，突出演讲的重点内容，让演讲达到一个良好的效果，便于让观众有一个更好的听觉感受，也能让演讲者有足够的时间来调整。

英国百年婚礼习俗
有旧有新有借有蓝–百年婚礼习俗
“有旧、有新、有借、有蓝”的婚礼习俗已经有好几百年的历史了。许多新娘在她们举行婚礼的当天都曾被问到是否已经备好了那些“有旧、有新、有借、有蓝”的服饰，以穿戴它们缓缓走过教堂内的通道。穿戴这每一件服饰的传统据说各有其独特的涵义，但都能够给新婚夫妇带来吉祥和财富。你曾想过这种说法到底是什么意思吗？是如何起源的？每件服饰各有何涵义？
最初的说法源自维多利亚时代，原文是：“有旧，有新，有借，有蓝；在一只鞋里放一枚六便士的银币。”
有旧新娘可以穿着或佩戴一样旧衣物来象征她和她娘家及过去生活之间的历史纽带。许多新娘佩戴一件家传的珠宝饰品作为“有旧”的选择。有些新娘穿着她们母亲或祖母穿过的结婚礼服。实际上，旧的东西同时也可以是借来的东西。
有新穿戴一样新衣物是要象征新娘在新生活和婚姻中拥有成功和希望。如果新娘置办的是新的结婚礼服，那它就可以是她的“有新”，但是任何别的新服饰也是可以的。“有新”常常是最容易做到的。
有借借来的服饰应该是从一位已幸福地结了婚的朋友那里借来的。据说他们的幸福会惠及于你，给你的婚姻带来长久的美满。有些新娘会去借来一种衣着用品、一件首饰、一块手帕或者一个饰以珠子的手袋。
有蓝穿戴一件蓝色服饰源自《圣经》时代，当时蓝色结婚礼服代表着纯洁、忠诚和爱情。随着时间的推移，这一传统已从穿蓝色结婚礼服，演变成后来的在新娘的结婚礼服下摆处缝上一圈蓝色的镶边，再演变到现代的普遍做法——新娘用蓝色的吊袜带。
六便士银币在新娘的左脚鞋子里放一枚六便士银币据说是财富的象征。它不仅代表财产上的富有，还代表婚姻生活的幸福与快乐。由于今天许多新娘恐怕连一枚六便士是什么样子都不知道，传统习俗的这一部分在现代婚礼中已经不常被遵守。但是，如果新娘想要在她的婚礼中包括这一项目，她可以从许多出售如吊袜带和请柬等婚礼用品的公司里买到六便士银币。
有些较为传统的新娘或许会花很多心思选择每一件服饰。传统的做法是：同一家族的女性佩戴同一件首饰。
而有些新娘不太为传统所束缚，但在别人的请求下也会遵循这一传统。如果她们不想面面俱到，她们可以就携带一个小小的珠子手袋，里面装有两块手帕——她们可以买一块新的白色手帕，然后从家人那里借一块蓝色手帕，这样她们就“有新”——白色手帕，还“有旧、有借、有蓝”——蓝色手帕。手帕在婚礼中正好可以派上用唱—擦拭喜悦的泪水！
The wedding tradition of“something old, something new, something borrowed, something blue” has been around for hundreds of years. Many brides have been asked on their respective wedding days if they have gathered something old, new, borrowed and blue to carry with them as they walk down the aisle. The tradition of carrying or wearing one of each item is said to bring luck and fortune to the newly married couple. Have you ever stopped to think what the saying really means？ What is its origin and what does each item represent？The original saying dates back to the Victoria times and states,“Something old, something new, something borrowed, something blue and a silver sixpence in your shoe.” Something old…A bride may wear or carry something old to represent her continued ties to her family and her old life. Many brides wear a piece of family jewelry as their old item. Some brides wear the wedding dress worn by their mother or grandmother. In many cases, something old may also be something borrowed. Something new…Wearing something new is supposed to represent success and hope in the bride’s new life and in her marriage. If the bride purchased her wedding dress new, it may represent her new item, but any item that is new may be used. Something“new” is usually the easiest category1 to fill. Something borrowed…The borrowed item should be something borrowed from a friend that is happily married. It is suggested that their happiness will rub off on2 you and bring lasting happiness to your marriage. Some brides borrow an item of clothing, a piece of jewelry, a handkerchief or perhaps a beaded purse. Something blue…Wearing something blue dates back to biblical3 times when a blue wedding dress was worn to represent purity, fidelity4 and love. Over time this has changed from wearing a blue dress to wearing just a blue band around the bottom of the bride’s wedding dress to modern times?? where it is commonplace for the bride to wear a blue garter5. Silver sixpence…Placing a silver sixpence in the bride’s left shoe is said to be a symbol of wealth. This not only refers to financial wealth, but also a wealth of happiness and joy throughout her married life. Since most brides probably don’t even know what a sixpence is, this part of the tradition is not used very often in modern times. However, if a bride would like to include it in her wedding, she can purchase a silver sixpence from many companies that sell bridal supplies such as garters and invitations.Some brides are more traditional than other and may take a great deal of care in selecting one item for each category. It may be traditional for the women in their families to wear the same piece of jewelry.Other brides aren’t bound by tradition but still may choose to carry out the custom at someone else’s request. If they don’t want to carry numerous items, they may simply carry two handkerchiefs in a small beaded bag–hey may choose to buy a new, white handkerchief and borrow a blue one from a family member. That would provide them with something new–the white handkerchief, as well as something that is old, borrowed and blue–the blue handkerchief. The handkerchief just may come in handy6 during the wedding for drying their joyful tears.?

英国酒吧的礼仪介绍
mazingly for the British, who love queues, there is no formal line-up——the bar staff are skilled at knowing whose turn it is. You are permitted to try to attract attention, but there are rules about how to do this. Do not call out tap coins on the counter, snap your finger or wave like a drowning swimmer. Do not scowl or sigh or roll your eyes. And whatever you do, do not ring the bell hanging behind the counter——this is used by the landlord to signal closing time. The key thing is to catch the bar worker’s eyes. You could also hold an empty glass or some money, but do not wave them about. Do adopt an expectant, hopeful, even slightly anxious facial expression. If you 1ook too contented and complacent, the bar staff may assume you are already being served.

就爱排队的英国人而言，酒吧里看不到正式的排队，这令人感到惊讶。酒保有本领知道该轮到谁了。你可以做些动作引起酒保的注意，但有规可循。不要大声嚷嚷，不要在吧台面上敲击钱币，不要叭叭地弹手指，不要像快淹死的人那样挥动手臂，不要绷着脸，不要唉声叹气，不要翻动眼珠。在不该干的事当中还绝对不要摇晃挂在吧台后面的铃，那是酒吧老板用的，表示关门时间到了。关键是你要让酒保看见你。你可以举起空杯子或钱，可不要摇晃。你脸上可以流露等待、期望，甚至略带焦急的表情。你如果显得太心满意足的样子，酒保会认为他们已经为你提供服务了。

Always say “please” and try to remember some of the British bar staffs pet hates. They do not like people to keep others waiting while they make up their minds. They don’t like people standing idly against the bar when there are a lot of customers wanting for service. And they do not like people who wait until the end of the order before asking for such drinks as Guinness stout which take considerably longer to pour than other drinks.

要把”请”字挂在嘴边，要尽量记住一些英国酒保最厌恶的事。他们不喜欢酒客拿不定主意而让他们等着；不喜欢好多客人等着买酒而有人却靠着吧台站着；也不喜欢有人等到最后才说要喝像爱尔兰烈性黑啤酒那样的酒，因为比起别的酒来，准备这种酒的时间要长得多。

One Dutch tourist who spent six months visiting 800 of Britain’s 61,000 pubs and interviewing 50 publicans and bar workers and more than 1,000 customers said :” I cannot understand how the British ever manage to buy themselves a drink.” But they do, and if you follow these tips you should be able to do so, too.

一个曾花了半年时间，去了英国61000家酒吧中的800个，访谈50位酒吧老板和酒保以及1000多个酒客的荷兰旅游者说：”我不明白英国人是怎么给自已买到酒的。”可事实上他们就能。如果你按着本文所说的忠告去做，你也能如愿以偿地买到酒。

Speaking of tips, you should never offer the bar staff a cash gratuity. The correct behaviour is to offer them a drink. Pubs pride themselves on their egalitarian atmosphere. A tip in cash would be a reminder of their service role, whereas the offer of a drink is a friendly gesture.

说到”小费”，你可千万别给酒保现金以表示谢意。正确的做法是请酒保喝一盅。酒吧为自己的平等气氛感到自豪。现金小费会使人想到酒保是伺候人的，而请喝一杯则是友好的表示

英国饮食习惯中英文对照
Eating habits
As a nation we are becoming more aware of the food we and our children are eating. The recent campaign to improve school dinners by celebrity chef Jamie Oliver has helped raise awareness of our fast food lifestyles.

Healthy eaters or just trendy?

Are there certain things that you do and don’t eat and why? With so many food programmes and books telling you what you should and shouldn’t eat to be healthy it’s hard to keep track. Some people are vegetarians for moral reasons, some don’t like the taste of meat and there are one or two people who do it because it’s trendy. Likewise, it can be trendy to follow the latest celebrity diet because it’s what the famous are doing.

Eating out

People are eating out more frequently now, not just on special occasions as in the past. The choice of restaurants has also diversified over the last few decades. Italian, Chinese and Indian restaurants have been around for years but have now been joined by Mongolian, Japanese, Mexican and Turkish amongst others. Bars and pubs are still popular for food and often promote English cuisine made with local produce. For the Queen’s recent 80th birthday celebrations, top UK chefs battled it out to create the Great British Menu to serve at a birthday banquet.

‘We enjoy eating out a couple times and month whether with friends or just as a couple. We like trying new things so go to different restaurants.’ Craig, 25, County Durham.

Eating on the go

From chocolate bars to sandwiches and wraps more people are eating on the go – on the street, in cars or on buses and trains. While our parents and grandparents may frown at this behaviour, considering it to be bad manners, people eat on the go because they are rushing from one place to another. And in the home the number of people sitting down at a dining table for their evening meal is on the decrease as meal times become more informal.

‘If I’m running late for work I don’t think twice about eating toast in the car or on the bus but I know my mum wouldn’t approve.’ Stacey, 24, Leeds.

Whilst we may be trying to eat more healthily it seems we still have some bad habits.

Lucy
September 2006

USA美国: England has established 13 colonies along the Atlantic coast of North america. Immigrants from Europe to North America to the capitalist commodity economy and modern civilization, the 13 colonies basically isdeveloped in the framework of the capitalist society and economy; after 100 years of development, initially formed a unified domestic market,English has become the common language, the United Nation began to form.
English英国: England (England), “a translation of the english”. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (UK) the main part of the territory, so the convention the term of England also refers to the uk.England is located in the southeast of the island of Great Britain, south of Scotland, east of Welsh, including White Island, isles of Scilly and along the coast of the island, an area of about 130000 square kilometers. Is thelargest, most populous, a part of the most developed economy.
Australia澳大利亚: Australia has different cultural background of the ethnic composition. Australia is a tolerance and accommodation, compatibilityand the society, its cultural diversity has become Australia’s national character. Aboriginal cultural heritage, the British colonial history, cultural values of immigrants from all over the world, and the Australian OpenPolicy, encourage competition, in the field of art advocates the contention of a hundred schools of thought characteristics together, that Australia has become a multicultural society.